PAM

Binary to Gray code conversion for PSK and PAM

In this post, let us try to understand Gray codes and their usage in digital communication. Quoting from Wiki entry on Gray code [Gray-Wiki], The reflected binary code, also known as Gray code after Frank Gray, is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one digit. In a digital communication system, [...]

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Need for I-Q modulator and demodulator

Post describes about the need for I-Q modulation by comparing the spectral efficiency of passband PAM and passband QAM.

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Symbol Error Rate (SER) for 4-PAM

Following discussion of bit error rate (BER) for BPSK and bit error rate for FSK, it may be interesting to move on to discuss a higher order constellation such as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). Consider that the alphabets used for a 4-PAM is (Refer example 5-34 in [DIG-COMM-BARRY-LEE-MESSERSCHMITT]).

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