From the category archives:

Transmitter

TETRA Air interface specifications – Overview

TETRA (TErrestrial Trunked RAdio) is a wireless specification intended to be used by government agencies, public health services, rail transport, military etc. TETRA specification comes from ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute). We plan to start a post series on the building blocks of TETRA physical layer and radio specifications and this is the first post [...]

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Transmit beamforming

In this post lets discuss a closed-loop transmit diversity scheme, where the transmitter has the knowledge of the channel. As there is a feedback path required from the receiver, to communicate the channel seen by the receiver to the transmitter, the scheme is called closed-loop transmit diversity scheme. Recall that the transmit diversity using Space [...]

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IQ imbalance in transmitter

Typical communication systems use I-Q modulation and we had discussed the need for I-Q modulation in the past. In this post, let us understand I-Q imbalance and its effect on transmit signal.

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Convolutional code

Coding is a technique where redundancy is added to original bit sequence to increase the reliability of the communication. In this article, lets discuss a simple binary convolutional coding scheme at the transmitter and the associated Viterbi (maximum likelihood) decoding scheme at the receiver.
Update: For some reason, the blog is unable to display [...]

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Trying out PAPR reduction for OFDM by multiplication with j

In this post, we will explore a probable way of reducing PAPR (peak to average power ratio) in OFDM by changing the phase of some of the subcarriers. This is in response to the comment to post on Peak to Average power ratio for OFDM, where Mr. Elibom suggested to reduce the PAPR by cyclically [...]

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Binary to Gray code for 16QAM

In the previous post on Binary to Gray code conversion for PSK, I had claimed that “for a general M-QAM modulation the binary to Gray code conversion is bit more complicated“. However following a closer look, I realize that this is not so complicated.
The QAM scenario can be treated as independent PAM modulation [...]

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Update: Correction in Matlab code for raised cosine filter

Thanks to the keen observation by Mr. Phan Minh Hoang, I was notified that the Matlab/Octave scripts provided along with the topic raised cosine filtering was not behaving properly.
Reason: I was not taking care of the division by zero when creating the raised cosine filter taps.

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Binary to Gray code conversion for PSK and PAM

In this post, let us try to understand Gray codes and their usage in digital communication. Quoting from Wiki entry on Gray code [Gray-Wiki],
The reflected binary code, also known as Gray code after Frank Gray, is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one digit.
In a digital communication system, if the [...]

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Need for I-Q modulator and demodulator

Post describes about the need for I-Q modulation by comparing the spectral efficiency of passband PAM and passband QAM.

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Peak to Average Power Ratio for OFDM

Let us try to understand peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and its typical value in an OFDM system specified per IEEE 802.11a specifications.
What is PAPR?
The peak to average power ratio for a signal is defined as
, where
corresponds to the conjugate operator.
Expressing in deciBels,
.

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Cylcic prefix in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

In a previous post (here), we discussed in brief, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. Let us know probe bit more into the motivation of cyclic prefix (aka guard interval) associated with each OFDM symbol.
What is cyclic prefix?
Let us consider one subcarrier (subcarrier +1 specified in IEEE 802.11a specification) alone. In the figure [...]

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Understanding an OFDM transmission

Let us try to understand simulation of a typical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission defined per IEEE 802.11a specification.
Orthogonal pulses
In a previous post (here ), we have understood that the minimum frequency separation for two sinusoidals with arbitrary phases to be orthogonal is , where is the symbol period.
In Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, [...]

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Simulating Minimum Shift Keying Transmitter

Minimum shift keying (MSK) is an important concept to learn in digital communications. It is a form of continuous phase frequency shift keying . In minimum phase shift keying, two key concepts are used.
(a) The frequency separation of the sinusoidals used for representing bits 1’s and 0’s are , where is the [...]

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Minimum frequency spacing for having orthogonal sinusoidals

In this post, the objective is to figure out the minimum separation between two sinusoidals having frequencies , of duration each to be orthogonal. Let the phase difference between the sinusoidals is where can take any value from to (Refer Example 4.3 [DIG-COMM-SKLAR]).
For the two sinuosidals to be orthogonal,

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