- DSP log - http://www.dsplog.com -

Non coherent demodulation of pi/8 D8PSK (TETRA)

Posted By Krishna Sankar On July 20, 2010 @ 6:14 am In Modulation | 5 Comments

In TETRA specifications [1], one of the modulation technique used is $\frac{\pi}{8}$ Differential 8 Phase Shift Keying (D8PSK). We will discuss the bit error rate with non-coherent demodulation of $\frac{\pi}{8}$D8PSK in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.

## pi/8 D8PSK

The incoming bit sequence is grouped into three bits and is mapped into differential phase as follows:

 B(3k-2) B(3k-1) B(3k) $D\phi(k)$ 0 0 0 $+\frac{1\pi}{8}$ 0 0 1 $+\frac{3\pi}{8}$ 1 0 1 $+\frac{5\pi}{8}$ 1 0 0 $+\frac{7\pi}{8}$ 0 1 0 $-\frac{1\pi}{8}$ 0 1 1 $-\frac{3\pi}{8}$ 1 1 1 $-\frac{5\pi}{8}$ 1 1 0 $-\frac{7\pi}{8}$

Table : Phase transitions for $\frac{\pi}{8}$ D8PSK modulation (Ref Table 5.2 of ETSI 301-893 V3.2.1 [1])

The modulation symbol $S(k)$ is formed by applying a phase offset to previous symbol $S(k-1)$ and is defined as follows:

$S(k) = S(k-1) e^{jD\phi(k)}$ and

$S(0) = 1$.

Alternately, the phase transitions can be represented as

$\phi(k) = \phi(k-1) + D\phi(k)$.

The constellation of the $\frac{\pi}{8}$ D8PSK occupies phase values separated by $\frac{\pi}{8}$as shown below in the blue dots. The red lines shows all possible phase transitions.

Figure: Constellation of $\frac{\pi}{8}$ D8PSK (Ref Figure 5.2 of ETSI 301-893 V3.2.1 [1])

## Channel Model

The transmitted waveform gets corrupted by noise $n$, typically referred to as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).

White : The spectrum of the noise if flat for all frequencies.

Gaussian : The values of the noise $n$ follows the Gaussian probability distribution function, $p(n) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2}}e^{\frac{-(n-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}$

with mean $\mu=0$ and

variance $\sigma^2 = \frac{N_0}{2}$.

$y(k) = S(k) + n(k)$

A non-coherent receiver relies on the phase transitions between consecutive symbols to form an estimate of the transmitted bits. The sequence of operation is as follows:

a) On the received symbols estimate the phase

$\hat{\phi}(k) = \angle y(k)$

b) Find the delta of the estimated phase between consecutive symbols

$\hat{D}\phi(k) = \hat{\phi}(k)-\hat{\phi}(k-1)$

c) Quantize the estimated delta phase values lying from $[-\pi,\mbox{ } +\pi)$ as follows and convert to bits per the following encoding:

$\begin{array}
-\pi & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & < & -\frac{3\pi}{4} & \right & -\frac{7\pi}{8}& : & 110\\
-\frac{3\pi}{4} & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & < & -\frac{\pi}{2} & \right & -\frac{5\pi}{8}& : & 111\\
-\frac{\pi}{2} & \le &\hat{D}\phi(k) & < & -\frac{\pi}{4} & \right & -\frac{3\pi}{8}& : & 011\\ -\frac{\pi}{4} & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & <& 0 & \right & -\frac{\pi}{8}& : &010\\ 0 & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & <& \frac{\pi}{4} & \right & +\frac{\pi}{8}& : &000\\ \frac{\pi}{4} & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & <& \frac{\pi}{2} & \right & +\frac{3\pi}{8}& : &001 \\ \frac{\pi}{2} & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & <& \frac{3\pi}{4} & \right & +\frac{5\pi}{8}& : &101 \\ \frac{3\pi}{4} & \le & \hat{D}\phi(k) & <& \pi & \right & +\frac{7\pi}{8}& : &100 \\ \end{array}$
.

## Simulation results

The script performs the following

(a) Generate random binary sequence of +1′s and 0′s.

(b) Group three bits together and apply $\frac{\pi}{8}$ D8PSK modulation

(d) At the receiver, estimate the phase of the received symbols. Based on the delta of the received phase, estimate the transmitted bits

(e) Repeat for multiple values of $\frac{E_b}{N_0}$ and plot the simulation and theoretical results.

Figure: BER plot for $\frac{\pi}{8}$ D8PSK with non-coherent demodulation

As I did not find the theoretical BER equations for $\frac{\pi}{8}$ D8PSK, was unable to compare it with the simulated results.

## Reference

URL to article: http://www.dsplog.com/2010/07/20/non-coherent-demodulation-of-pi8-d8psk-tetra/

URLs in this post:

[1] TETRA specifications: http://webapp.etsi.org/WorkProgram/Report_WorkItem.asp?WKI_ID=22928&curItemNr=116&totalNrItems=483&optDisplay=100000&qSORT=HIGHVERSION&qETSI_ALL=&SearchPage=TRUE&qTB_ID=218%3BTETRA&qINCLUDE_SUB_TB=True&qINCLUDE_MOVED_ON=&qSTOP_FLG=&qKEYWORD_BOOLEAN=&qSTOPPING_OUTDATED=&butSimple=Search&includeNonActiveTB=FALSE&includeSubProjectCode=&qREPORT_TYPE=SUMMARY

[2] Script for computing BER for non coherent demodulation of pi/8 D8PSK in AWGN: http://www.dsplog.com/db-install/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/script_ber_tetra_pi_8_d8psk_awgn.m

[3] Digital Communications by Proakis, 4th Edition: http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?ie=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDigital-Communications-John-Proakis%2Fdp%2F0072321113&tag=dl04-20&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325