MIMO with MMSE equalizer

In a previous post, we had discussed a 2×2 MIMO transmission using BPSK modulation in Rayleigh channel with a Zero Forcing equalizer. The simulated results with the 2×2 MIMO system  with zero forcing equalizer showed matching results as obtained in for a 1×1 system for BPSK modulation in Rayleigh channel. In this post, we will discuss a different equalization approach called Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) equalization. We will assume that the channel is a flat fading Rayleigh multipath channel and the modulation is BPSK.

The background material on the MIMO channel has been described in the post on Zero Forcing equalizer. The text is repeated again for easy readability.

2×2 MIMO channel

In a 2×2 MIMO channel, probable usage of the available 2 transmit antennas can be as follows:

1. Consider that we have a transmission sequence, for example

2. In normal transmission, we will be sending in the first time slot, in the second time slot, and so on.

3. However, as we now have 2 transmit antennas, we may group the symbols into groups of two. In the first time slot, send and from the first and second antenna. In second time slot, send and from the first and second antenna, send and in the third time slot and so on.

4. Notice that as we are grouping two symbols and sending them in one time slot, we need only time slots to complete the transmission – data rate is doubled ! 🙂

5. This forms the simple explanation of a probable MIMO transmission scheme with 2 transmit antennas and 2 receive antennas.

Figure: 2 Transmit 2 Receive (2×2) MIMO channel

Other Assumptions

1. The channel is flat fading – In simple terms, it means that the multipath channel has only one tap. So, the convolution operation reduces to a simple multiplication. For a more rigorous discussion on flat fading and frequency selective fading, may I urge you to review Chapter 15.3 Signal Time-Spreading from [DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS: SKLAR]

2. The channel experience by each transmit antenna is independent from the channel experienced by other transmit antennas.

3. For the transmit antenna to receive antenna, each transmitted symbol gets multiplied by a randomly varying complex number . As the channel under consideration is a Rayleigh channel, the real and imaginary parts of are Gaussian distributed having mean and variance .

4. The channel experienced between each transmit to the receive antenna is independent and randomly varying in time.

5. On the receive antenna, the noise has the Gaussian probability density function with

with and .

7. The channel is known at the receiver.

Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) equalizer for 2×2 MIMO channel

Let us now try to understand the math for extracting the two symbols which interfered with each other. In the first time slot, the received signal on the first receive antenna is,

.

The received signal on the second receive antenna is,

.

where

, are the received symbol on the first and second antenna respectively,

is the channel from transmit antenna to receive antenna,

is the channel from transmit antenna to receive antenna,

is the channel from transmit antenna to receive antenna,

is the channel from transmit antenna to receive antenna,

, are the transmitted symbols and

is the noise on receive antennas.

We assume that the receiver knows , , and . The receiver also knows and . For convenience, the above equation can be represented in matrix notation as follows:

.

Equivalently,

The Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) approach tries to find a coefficient which minimizes the criterion,

.

Solving,

.

When comparing to the equation in Zero Forcing equalizer, apart from the term both the equations are comparable. Infact, when the noise term is zero, the MMSE equalizer reduces to Zero Forcing equalizer.

Simulation Model

The Matlab/Octave script performs the following

(a) Generate random binary sequence of +1’s and -1’s.

(b) Group them into pair of two symbols and send two symbols in one time slot

(c) Multiply the symbols with the channel and then add white Gaussian noise.

(d) Equalize the received symbols

(e) Perform hard decision decoding and count the bit errors

(f) Repeat for multiple values of and plot the simulation and theoretical results.

Click here to download Matlab/Octave script for simulating BER in a 2×2 MIMO channel with MMSE equalization for BPSK in Rayleigh channel


Figure: BER plot for 2×2 MIMO with MMSE equalization for BPSK in Rayleigh channel

Summary

Compared to the Zero Forcing equalizer case, at BER point, it can be seen that the Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) equalizer results in around 3dB of improvement. 🙂

References

[DIG-COMM-BARRY-LEE-MESSERSCHMITT] Digital Communication: Third Edition, by John R. Barry, Edward A. Lee, David G. Messerschmitt

[WIRELESS-TSE, VISWANATH] Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, David Tse, Pramod Viswanath

245 thoughts on “MIMO with MMSE equalizer

  1. hii..sir m working in spatial multiplexing in mimo systems..wud u please post me the code of spatial multiplexing in rayleigh channlel..
    regards
    anuj

  2. Hi Krishna Sankar,

    The information is very helpful. I have some doubts regarding MMSE.
    I am implementing MMSE & ZF with QPSK, 16-QAM and 64 QAM.

    1. At higher SNR’s the BER is same for both, is it because the effect high noise will be very negligible at MMSE equalizer?
    2. Even in low Snr’s the difference between MMSE and ZF is very less, in the range of 10^-4.
    i am using this in combination with OFDM, does this effect the performance?
    thanking you in advance

    Regards
    preethi

  3. First of all take my gratitude for mailing such a nice demonstration and easy explanation.
    I have two queries for you if you have some time please answer.
    Why does MMSE provides better performance than Zero-Forcing in terms of system spectral efficiency?
    Are the spatial diversity and the antenna diversity same?

    Best wishes

    1. @Zadid: Thanks.
      a) By factoring in the noise power, the cross talk term gets minimized I reckon
      b) By spatial one means space, and antennas are kept reasonably far apart to get spatial diversity

  4. I need Mat Lab Code For Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM Systems using Recursive Least Square and MMSE or LS Algorithms…….
    Please Help Me>>>>…..

  5. I need code for “Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM Systems using MMSE or LS and Recursive Least Square Mehods”

  6. Hello Sir,
    I ‘m currently trying to implement a MIMO OFDM and MIMO SCFDMA with MMSE equalizer. I ‘ve read your post on OFDM in Rayleight channel where you use convolution to produce multipath. Could you give me an idea on how to do it? Like would you use the model in the MIMO script and within a loop consider subcarrier by subcarrier, then the channel would be convoluted with the transmitted symbol or multiplied? And again how would you combine together your receiver data before the equalization? Can you suggest me anything to read to understand rayleight channel with OFDMA and SCFDMA in MIMO mode and how the subcarrier are treated and equalized at the receiver?

    Regards,

    R.

    1. @riccardo:
      a) convolution is used to apply the multipath channel on the transmission.
      b) if you are doing the modeling in frequency domain, the channel will be multiplied (assuming that the channel taps are within the cyclic prefix)

  7. hello sir,
    I am working on enhancement of high speed down link packet access in cellular network by introducing new FUS (far user streaming)scheme. I have seen your huge contribution in the area of communication. I’m facing some problem in simulation with matlab. sir can you please send me some of your matlab code for relay based cellular network
    please help me sir…….!
    devendra.info100@gmail.com

  8. Hi Krishna,

    I have been working on frequency domain equalizers and i use single carrier FDE system. However when I compare the performance of Zero Forcing and MMSE equalizers they dont converge at higher SNR. I use a rayliegh random channel with 10 taps. Is this acceptable? I have also sent an email to you.

    Thanks very much.

    1. @Udesh: Please refer to the posts on equalization (zero forcing, mmse) in presence of inter symbol interference at
      https://dsplog.com/tag/isi/
      I also got slightly better performance for MMSE equalizer, but could see that the gap is reducing at higher SNR’s. Try increasing the SNR region to see if it converges at some point.

  9. Hi all,
    I need to implemant the spectral effeciency of MMSE receiver,

    could someone help me doing this in matlab,

    I hope receiving your response,

    Best regards!

    1. @Najwen: Hmm… reckon you wish to plot the spectral efficiency in bits/seconds/Hz versus Eb/N0 required to achieve say BER of 10^-5.
      One way to go about this is to get the BER vs Eb/N0, dB curve for your modulation scheme with the MMSE receiver. The capacity information is theoretically computed using bit rate and bandwidth. Once you have both the data, we can plug that into the curve.

      Some references:
      a) Table : Bandwidth, Capacity and Eb/No requirements for symbol error rate of 10^-5
      http://eetimes.com/design/communications-design/4017668/Modulation-roundup-error-rates-noise-and-capacity?pageNumber=2

      b) Figure: Shannon’s capacity curve for various digital modulation schemes.
      http://eetimes.com/design/communications-design/4017668/Modulation-roundup-error-rates-noise-and-capacity?pageNumber=2

      c) An article on Bounds on Communication based on Shannon’s capacity
      https://dsplog.com/2008/06/18/bounds-on-communication-shannon-capacity/

      Hope this helps

  10. Hi. If I would need to do a MIMO system 4×4, how could I change the inverse section? Is there an formule to calculate it as a inverse for a 2×2 matrix?

  11. Hi
    how about the theoretical equation for the mmse, can you give me hints as to how I should derive it or links to materials that will help?

  12. Dear. Krishna Sankar.
    I enjoyed your posts 🙂 thanks.
    I have a doubt, I simulated your simulation by C++, but I found some different results.
    With ZF, BER curve fits on your curve. but with MMSE, my BER curve performance degraded by 1 dB. Do you have some idea about this?
    Thanks in advance.

    Sean.

  13. i tried to simulate the code mentioned above to get the curve the output of the file is just the number 3 but no curve i’m using matlab2008rb please help me
    thanx alot

  14. Hi Krishna.
    All of your articless are very helpful.
    I want to know that in your code how you deceide the value of Eb/No?

    Regards
    Komal

  15. Hello Krishna,

    I have been trying to simulate 4×4 MIMO with MMSE channel estimation in LTE-Advanced in Rayleigh multichannel fading , with 16-PSK , 16-QAM, and 64-QAM modulation schemes.

    Can you please help me ? I have looked at your simulation with BPSK modulation.

  16. Hello. Thanks for your posts.
    I have a question.
    Your simulation result shows that the MMSE equalizer has 3dB improvement than the ZF equalizer.

    When I simulated 2by2 MIMO system, the 4PAM-ZF system has same SER of 4PAM-MMSE system.
    (Rayleigh ch./AWGN noise/SER vs SNR
    But, there is a very little difference.
    So, I am very confusing.

    Please answer my question…
    Thanks

    1. @Ari: When you try to reduce the modulation from 4PAM to 2PAM (BPSK), are you seeing differences in the MMSE behaviour vs ZF behaviour. Further, in AWGN the difference might not be present, as there is no interference terms.
      Do reply back with your findings.

      1. Thanks for your answer. When i reduce the modulation from 4 PAM to 2 PAM, I seeing differences in the MMSE behaviour vs ZF behaviour like BPSK. Can you explain why in 4 PAM, the difference might not be present ?

  17. Hello Krishna,

    Can you give me some idea and a sample code for implementing 16qam with ofdm. thanks

  18. Thanks Krishna for very nice and helpful posts.
    I have short question; as far as I understand the simulations are for the slow fading, right?
    your quick reply is greatly appreciated.

  19. Dear Krishna,
    Is it possible to make face to face discussion with you regarding MIMO technology.
    Regards.

    RAVI

  20. Hi Khrishna,
    If I want to add MMSE equalization in my MATLAB simulation for 2×2 MIMO ofdm STBC, does it the same code that you show as above?
    thanks

  21. Good work !!! The only confusing thing for me in your codes is, why in the step of “Channel and noise Noise addition”, the AWGN is in the format of 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; while in the calculation of a,b,c,d terms, the AWGN is used as 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10). Thanks! Jason

    1. @Jason: For computing the MMSE equalizer, we want to use the noise power – hence 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10)/
      For adding noise, we want to use noise voltage – hence 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)

      Helps? 🙂

  22. Hello
    I’d like to know something about MMSE. In the program, the MIMO system has MMSE at the receiving end. The coefficiets of MMSE is derived by the above formula. May I ask that ‘is the formula above for IIR MMSE’. If we use FIR MMSE, what should we modify. What is the difference between FIR and IIR MMSE?
    Thank you very much

  23. Hi Krishna,

    I am currently working on a project involving MMSE equalisation and have found your code useful. However, I am confused as to why you do the inverse of the matrix manually, would it not be easier to use simple Matlab commands to find the W matrix?

    Thanks,

    Tom

    1. @Tom: I could have used the inverse using Matlab commands. However, matlab inverse does not support inverse of multidimensional matrices. Hence I chose to do the custom made one 🙂

      1. Thanks for clarifying that for me Krishna, I am simulating 4 or 6 Tx and Tr so it would be a very long method, wouldn’t this do the same thing:

        for i=1:L

        W=(((H(:,:,i)).*(H(:,:,i)’))+(AWGN(i)^2.*eye(nTx))’).*(H(:,:,i)’);

        end

        Thanks,

        Tom

  24. hi all
    I have started MSc project in Relaying MIMO, and I have done my first code for a BPSK Signal in rayleigh fading but when try to apply it for MIMO it gives me error in matrix dimension, please see the following code and try to help me if u can, thanxxx.

    % the first task is to generate a bpsk signal and simulate the BER and the second task is to convert this to MIMO
    clear;clc;
    N = 1e4; % Number of data bits
    Nt = 1; % Number of Tx antennas
    Nr = 1; % Number of Rx antennas
    SNR = 0:2:20; % Signal to Noise Ratio range
    x = sign (randn(Nt,N)); % BPSK data signal generation
    for mm = 1:length(SNR)
    Y=0;
    Pe = 0;
    for i = 1:10000
    H = sqrt(1/2) * (randn(Nr,Nt) + j*(randn(Nr,Nt))); % Rayleigh channel
    [ U L V ] = svd(H); % Singular Value Decomposition
    n = sqrt(1/2)* sqrt(10^(-SNR(mm)/10)) * (randn(Nr,N) + j*(randn(Nr,N))); % Additive White Gaussian Noise, 0dB Variance
    y = (L*x)+ n; % Channel and Noise addition
    Y = y./L; % Equalization
    Ydig = sign(real(Y));
    Diff = (x – Ydig)/2;
    AbsDiff = abs(Diff);
    Err = sum(AbsDiff);
    Pe = Pe + Err;
    end
    mm
    Per(mm) = (Pe)/(N*10000);
    end
    semilogy(SNR,Per,’-b*’)
    hold on
    grid on
    xlabel(‘SNR, dB’)
    ylabel(‘Bit Error Rate’)
    title(‘BER for BPSK in a Rayleigh channel’)
    % The problem is when I change Nt & Nr to 4 instead of 1 the following error occur
    % Error using ==> rdivide Matrix dimensions must agree. Error in ==> test1 at 16 Y = y./L; % Equalization
    % What I want to do is change Nt & Nr to 4, then make sum to y so the
    % matrix will be in 1 row then divide by 4 and then do error count starting from line 17

  25. Dear Krishna,

    I want to implement soft input soft output MMSE equalizer for one of my projects. as inputs to the equalizer ,received symbol sequence and LLR value obtained from turbo decoding are fed. from the LLR value fed to the equalizer can generate mean and variance for symbol set(constellation). then using that mean and variance i want to find mean and variance for each symbol. (for simplicity consider BPSK and gaussian distribution of each symbol.). do u hv ay idea about how to do that. i think i hv clariffied my problem enough. Please be kind enough to reply me as am stuckd with this.
    further details : Minimum mean squared error equalization using A Priori Information (Michael Tuchler , Andrew C. Singer)

  26. Hi krishna

    your site has been very useful to study concepts regarding ofdm and mimo. i am currently doing project related to ofdm-mimo. Can you give me some idea.. regarding how to proceed for coding 3×3 mimo or higher….
    Thanks in advance.. 🙂

  27. hi friends,i am doing my master thesis on LTE.i am trying to implement mmse and svd estimation but i have some probleme

    this is my mmse code,could some onw help me?

    i have my pdp and its length is L.

    SNR = 1/(noiseVar);
    beta=1;
    power_delay_profile=[power_delay_profile zeros(1,fftlen-(L))];
    power_delay_profile=fft(power_delay_profile);
    power_delay_profile=diag(power_delay_profile(carriers));

    % Calculate frequency correlation matrix
    R_hh =power_delay_profile;
    R_hy = R_hh + (((beta/SNR)* eye(length(carriers))));
    % Calculate LMMSE estimate
    h_LMMSE = (R_hh*inv(R_hy)) * h_LS;

    please help!

    this is the paper i refer http://www.sps.ele.tue.nl/members/C.K.Ho/paper/Robust%20MMSE%20channel%20estimation%20in%20OFDM%20systems%20with%20practical%20timing%20synchronization.pdf

  28. For the MIMO case with MMSE detection, is the received Eb/No calibrated per transmitted stream? For example, when you go from the 1×2 case to the 2×2 case, does the noise variance stay the same, and you just add a second stream to a second antenna, of power equal to that of the original stream ? Thanks.

  29. hello krishna sankar
    do you have matlab code about soft quantization with known noise variance
    (chi-square) in ofdm mobile radio system with bpsk modulation ?or any refferances or any site discuss about this?

  30. Hi Krishna, I wrote a matlab program to estimate x through y (y=hx+n) where n is au gaussian noise. I used MMSE to find x through the formula xHat=h’*inv(h*h’+10^(-SNR/10)*I)*y. When i wanted to compare the Theoretical SNR at the receiver (||h||^2 E(x^2)/N0) to the SNR calculated at the output of the MMSE receiver ((1/MMSE)-1), i found the SNR at the output of MMSE is much more higher than the theoretical one. Do you have any explanation on this. Does it mean that the MMSE improve the SNR ? Thank you.

  31. thanks for your your graet work
    please I study for my master in frequency synchronization in mimo ofdm system but i have problem with the matlab code to simulate to find out if estimation of the CFO on one path is affected by the CFO values of the adjacent paths and examine the estimator accuracy in term of its mean and variance

    please help me it’s urgent and necessary

    1. @eng_dina: How are you modeling the CFO for MIMO systems?

      If all the chains have a common RF clock, then all the chains will have similar CFO and the estimate from all the chains can be combined to improve the accuracy of the CFO estimation.
      If the chains have independent RF clock, then we need to estimate CFO on each chain independently.

  32. thanks for your your graet work
    please I study for my master in frequency synchronization in mimo ofdm system but i have problem with the matlab code to simulate to find out if estimation of the CFO on one path is affected by the CFO values of the adjacent paths and examine the estimator accuracy in term of its mean and variance

  33. help me please :my question is I need the matlab program calculates the’binary ‘error rate ”BER”of systems (SISO, Simo, miso mimo) COMPARISON

  34. helo krishna
    actualy m working on mimo synchronization
    can u help me in preamble used in mimo ofdm system ?????
    how can i create a preamble in a mimo system????

  35. would u help me , sir
    i need matlab code for

    Signal s—a BPSK signal that takes the values of ±1 with equal probability—passes
    through channel c which has the transfer function 1 + 0.5z -1. This means that the output
    of the channel at instant ݅ is equal to s(i)+0.5s(i-1). Zero-mean white Gaussian noise
    v(i) with variance sigma 2 is added to the channel’s output so that
    Y(i)=s(i)+0.5s(i-1)+v(i)
    The sequence ݏሺ݅ሻ is white and is independent of noise v.

    A three-tap linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) equalizer is used to estimate
    S(i-) using the three samples y(i), y(i-1), y(i-2) . We will solve for the two
    cases of  = 0 and  = 1. The LMMSE equalizer forms a linear combination of
    y(i), y(i-1), y(i-2) to produce the scalar estimate s^(i- ) such that ሾ[s(i-
    ) –- s(i- )]2 is minimized.

    Find the LMMSE equalizer’s coefficients for the two cases  = 0 and  =1. Note
    that the coefficients are a function of sigma 2. Plot the mean square error for both cases of 
    on the same graph using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the input of the equalizer as
    the horizontal axis. SNR in this problem is defined as the ratio of signal power to sigma 2at
    the input of the equalizer. (Hint: you need to obtain the signal power at the output of the
    channel to obtain the power of the signal to which the noise is added.) Plot over the SNR
    range from 0 dB to 12 dB.

  36. Hello. Thanks for your posts.
    I have a question.
    Your simulation result shows that the MMSE equalizer has 3dB improvement than the ZF equalizer.
    But, the reference book – [DIG-COMM-BARRY-LEE-MESSERSCHMITT] – shows MMSE detector outperforms ZF detector by 1.8dB from “10.3.9. Performance Comparison”.
    Which one is correct?

    When I simulated 2by2 MIMO system, the 4QAM-ZF system has same BER of BPSK-ZF system.
    (Rayleigh ch./AWGN noise/BER vs SNR per bit per antenna(Eb/No)/4QAM=1/sqrt(2)*{+-1+-j})
    But, there is a little difference(almost 1dB) between 4QAM-MMSE and BPSK-MMSE system.(4QAM is worse.) This shows that the MMSE outperforms ZF by 2dB at 4QAM system when the MMSE outperforms ZF by 3dB at BPSK system.
    So, I am very confusing.

    MMSE outperforms ZF by 2dB? 3dB?
    4QAM-MMSE is worse than BPSK-MMSE?

    Plz answer to me..
    Thanks

    1. @JH: The simulations which I did where comparing BPSK ZF with BPSK MMSE (and in the book, comparison is between QPSK-ZF with QPSK-MMSE). I am not sure that’s the reason for the difference in the performance.

      Are you sure that QPSK MMSE is poorer than BPSK MMSE?

  37. Hi,

    I have a doubt:

    if : W=[H’H + NoI]^-1 * H’

    and if sigma_2=No/2

    why do you add 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10) constructing the hCof instead of 2* 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10) ??? I mean, 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10) is No/2 and in W it seems right to put No, so 2* 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10)

    The BER you can obtain with this “2*” is slightly different but my interest is mainly to correctly understand what SHOULD be there, No or No/2…

    Please answer. Might be helpful

    Thanks in advance
    Francesco
    Please answer

      1. Hi,

        seems that we get the best performance (lower BER @ same SNR) without the 2, even if the difference is very small. Anyway this doesn’t mean that the “2” shouldn’t be there, it’s just a consideration.

        But I have another question:

        we know that the MMSE should come to have the same performance of the ZF for high SNRs, because the noise term become less relevant.

        So, why don’t the two curves (ZF_BER and MMSE_BER) merge?

        Well, actually I do have an answer for this, but my supervisor was a little reluctant to accept it:

        if you plot the two curves in linear scale they do merge… but in the log scale they run as parallels… I think that’s because the reason why they merge is the SNR ( in DB!!) linearly raising… but a a linear raising of a dB value means a line in log-scale, so there won’t be a slope changing to see the curves merge in log-scale..

        Also even if the receiver is different (ZF or MMSE) the system still has some properties that stay the same in the two case: I refer two the slope of the BER curve which for a Ntx=Nrx system is one decade down in 10dB (no diversity, or diversity order = 1). This must be true for both the receivers… so if they have the same slope they won’t merge in log scale.

        Let me know what do you think of what I’ve said and if you have some other explanation.

        Please answer

        I thank you in advance anyway

        Best regards
        Francesco

        1. @Franseco: My replies
          1/ I rechecked the equations for MMSE. The noise term is E{n*n^H}. The variance of real and imaginary arm of noise is 0.5*10^(-Eb_N0_dB/10). When we compute the noise power, we have to add the variances of real and imaginary term and the total variance is 10^(-Eb_N0_dB/10). Agree?
          2/ Well, I also have difficulty accepting the linear vs dB hypothesis. Did you try running the curve for very high values of Eb_N0_dB? Lets say till 100dB?

      1. OK… then this means that in the formula for W we have No/2 instead of No as it’s currently written down ?

        By the way, any ideas about the curves merging thing?

        Thanks a lot in advance

        Francesco

  38. Hi,
    Its a great post indeed.
    I am having a very basic doubt. I am just stating the flow for my understanding:
    1) Signal ‘X’ is transmitted with pilots.
    2) Received signal Y = H.X + N
    3) At receiver channel estimation is done i.e ‘H’ is calculated with the help ref. signals/pilots, received).
    4) Then ‘W’ is calculated.
    5) Now I need to retrieve the original signal (X). Can you please tell me how to do that in any case, zero forcing or MMSE. Is it just linear division or something else is involved. It will be helpful if you may tell the equation as well.

  39. Hi,

    How is the MMSE equalization done in the case of a frequency selective channel ?
    (As it is not a simple multiplication, but convolution instead)

    Thanks..

  40. Hi Krishna Pillai
    With your model the dimension of the noise correlation matrix shall be Nrx xNrx. But the dimension of the noise correlation matrix in the equalizer is Ntx x Ntx. What is the meaning of this and how can you get it in case of Nrx>Ntx?

    Thanks.

  41. Hi Krishna Pillai
    I think your result of the weight coefficient is not correct. could you show how did you get this result formula?
    Thanks

  42. Hi , how can we extend the above MIMO implementation to a general ‘n’ transmitters and ‘m’ receivers case ?

    Is it possible to code for a general case or should we have separate implementations for each case (like 2×3, 3×2, 3×3, and so on..)

    Also, say we have 4 transmitters and 4 receivers, how does the MMSE Equalization work in this case ?

    Thanks !

    1. @Kartik: Extending the Matlab code to an nRx x nTx case involves modification to the equalizer. In the current code, we have a 2×2 matrix inversion. If we go for higher dimension matrices, we need to change the logic for matrix inversion accordingly. Alternatively, one can use the pinv() function – but then, we loose some of the vectorizing advantages (which results in faster execution) which we now have in the code.

  43. How Can i Calculate Noise Variance based on Received Reference and Transmitted Reference(Pilots) Symbols. Which i want to use it in MMSE Equation

    Thanks & Regards,
    Venki

    1. @Venki: I am just guessing, if we know that
      y = x + n, where
      y is the received pilots,
      x is the transmitted reference pilots,
      n is the noise.
      Then the variance of n can be estimated by finding E { (y-x)^2 }, where E{} is the expectation operator.
      Agree?

      1. Thanks for the previous reply………………..

        If i have Reference symbols in frequency domain then can i add N0=(y-x)^2 this directly for Noise Variance Calculation……..bcz i thought noise addition should be in Time Domain……….so do i need to perform IFFT(N0) for Time domain conversion?????????????

        1. @Venki: You can do an ifft(N0) to find the noise in frequency domain. But, the variance of the noise term N0 does not change irrespective of whether we do ifft() or not. Hence doing ifft() is not needed. Agree?

          1. Thats correct, we do not need to be in time domain. I think your solution is ok only for AWGN because otherwise you dont have channel information involved.

            Another solution:

            y1 <- first received reference symbol
            y2 <- second received reference symbol

            Then the variance of n can be estimated by finding E { (y1-y2)^2 }, where E{} is the expectation operator.

            This approach is ok as long as there is not Timing offset is involed, otherwise you pilots will have phase rotation and as a results biased noise estimate.

      1. Thanks for the previous reply
        But, if i Use MMSE it will reduce error(Mean Square) but MRC cant reduce it…….So, how can we decide which one is suitable ………

          1. a) Wont MRC have noise enhancement problem? (Because I still dont see clear difference between ZF and MRC)
            b) Even if it is SIMO, in real system you will always have interference. So, my answer would be MMSE (with IRC option, where we dont estimatejust noise variance but rather noise+interferece covariance matrix).

          2. @aydar: My replies:
            a) I do not have a precise understanding of how MRC works in the case of 3 receive 2 transmit case. I am sure that having the ‘extra’ antenna at the receiver improves the diversity gain. However, am not sure what we are doing is MRC or not
            b) Why do you say that there is interference in SIMO systems?

        1. @WirelessNewbie: Sorry, the page 141 is not available from the link you provided. Let me try to get the book from the library, and I will respond.
          One query: Is the claim that “ZF is better than MMSE for SISO” for a flat fading channel?

  44. can you plz help me out to write Matlab codes about one-ring model, two-ring model, iid model, kronecker model in mimo

    thanks in advance

  45. Thanks for the previous reply
    In the sample code given, the noise variance is n, but it is not used in the receiver, instead of that 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10) is used.
    Is it because the n is not known to receiver? So we have to measure the SNR in the receiver in practical case?

    Thanks in advance

    1. @WirelessNewbie: In the simulation code, n is the noise voltage signal. For MMSE equalizer, we do not need the noise voltage, rather we only need the variance of the noise. Hence the term 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10) is used. Agree?

      Yes, a practical MMSE implementation needs to know the measure the SNR at the receiver.

  46. Hi Krishna,
    I understand that MMSE is minimizing the equation
    https://dsplog.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?E\left\{%20\mathbf{\left[Wy-x\right]\left[Wy-x\right]}^H\right\}
    where can I find, what’s the reason for this? why we choose that equation. (I don’t even know such basics). can you suggest a book.

    and in the above comment Parejas is asking you to reuse your post in his italian site(If my translation is correct). You gave him permission ? 😉

  47. Hola de parte de parejaspareja.es, encontre tu blog navegando por la red buscando banda ancha en google. Me parece super interesante la información que tienes en tu blog y sin lugar a dudas regresare a leerlo. Tengo una pregunta, si podria traducir tu blog “MIMO with MMSE equalizer” y añadirlos a un de mis blogs en italiano? Y por supuesto con el link direccionando a tu blog. Estare esperando tu respuesta. parejaspareja.es

    1. @pragya: MMSE – Minimum Mean Square Error. As you can seen from the BER curves, the BER with MMSE equalizer is lower than BER with Zero Forcing (ZF) equalizer.

  48. Dear Krishna Pillai:

    I want to combine V-BLAST and OFDM, how can I simulate this in Matlab, I know that you have not done that but can you guide me or support me for archive this goal.

    On advance, thanks a lot

      1. Thanks for your help, in this moment I am trying to combine Alamouti with OFDM but the BER that I got is very high, this is the code:
        clear all
        nFFT = 10
        nDSC = 2
        nBitPerSym = 2
        nSym = 2
        N = 4
        EbN0dB = [0:35];
        EsN0dB = EbN0dB + 10*log10(nDSC/nFFT) + 10*log10(10/14);
        for ii = 1:length(EbN0dB)
        ip = rand(1,N)>0.5
        s = 2*ip-1
        sCode = zeros(2,N)
        sCode(:,1:2:end) = (1/sqrt(2))*reshape(s,2,N/2)
        sCode(:,2:2:end) = (1/sqrt(2))*(kron(ones(1,N/2),[-1;1]).*flipud(reshape(conj(s),2,N/2)))
        xF = [zeros(nSym,4) sCode(:,[1:nBitPerSym/2]) zeros(nSym,1) sCode(:,[nBitPerSym/2+1:nBitPerSym]) zeros(nSym,3)]
        xt = (nFFT/sqrt(nDSC))*ifft(fftshift(xF.’)).’
        xt = [xt(:,[7:10]) xt]
        nTap = 10
        ht = 1/sqrt(2)*1/sqrt(nTap)*(randn(nSym,nTap) + j*randn(nSym,nTap))
        hF = fftshift(fft(ht,10,2))
        for jj = 1:nSym
        xht(jj,:) = conv(ht(jj,:),xt(jj,:))
        end
        xt = xht
        xt = reshape(xt.’,1,nSym*(14+nTap-1))
        nt = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,nSym*(14+nTap-1)) + j*randn(1,nSym*(14+nTap-1))]
        yt = sqrt(14/10)*xt + 10^(-EsN0dB(ii)/20)*nt;
        yt = reshape(yt.’,14+nTap-1,nSym).’
        yt = yt(:,[5:14])
        yF = (sqrt(nDSC)/nFFT)*fftshift(fft(yt.’)).’
        yF = yF./hF
        yMod = yF(:,[3+[1:nBitPerSym/2] 4+[nBitPerSym/2+1:nBitPerSym] ])
        ipModHat = 2*floor(real(yMod/2)) + 1
        ipModHat(find(ipModHat>1)) = +1
        ipModHat(find(ipModHat<-1)) = -1
        ipBitHat = (ipModHat+1)/2
        ipBitHat = reshape(ipBitHat.',nBitPerSym*nSym,1).'
        nErr(ii) = size(find(ipBitHat – ip),2)
        end
        simBer = nErr/(nSym*nBitPerSym)

        I hope you can help me to increase the performance of the Ber.

        Regards

      2. thanks a lot for your help, first I want to combine Alamouti with OFDM, but the problem is that I get a very high BER, this is the code:
        clear all
        nFFT = 10
        nDSC = 2
        nBitPerSym = 2
        nSym = 2
        N = 4
        EbN0dB = [0:35];
        EsN0dB = EbN0dB + 10*log10(nDSC/nFFT) + 10*log10(10/14);
        for ii = 1:length(EbN0dB)
        ip = rand(1,N)>0.5
        s = 2*ip-1
        sCode = zeros(2,N)
        sCode(:,1:2:end) = (1/sqrt(2))*reshape(s,2,N/2)
        sCode(:,2:2:end) = (1/sqrt(2))*(kron(ones(1,N/2),[-1;1]).*flipud(reshape(conj(s),2,N/2)))
        xF = [zeros(nSym,4) sCode(:,[1:nBitPerSym/2]) zeros(nSym,1) sCode(:,[nBitPerSym/2+1:nBitPerSym]) zeros(nSym,3)]
        xt = (nFFT/sqrt(nDSC))*ifft(fftshift(xF.’)).’
        xt = [xt(:,[7:10]) xt]
        nTap = 10
        ht = 1/sqrt(2)*1/sqrt(nTap)*(randn(nSym,nTap) + j*randn(nSym,nTap))
        hF = fftshift(fft(ht,10,2))
        for jj = 1:nSym
        xht(jj,:) = conv(ht(jj,:),xt(jj,:))
        end
        xt = xht
        xt = reshape(xt.’,1,nSym*(14+nTap-1))
        nt = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,nSym*(14+nTap-1)) + j*randn(1,nSym*(14+nTap-1))]
        yt = sqrt(14/10)*xt + 10^(-EsN0dB(ii)/20)*nt;
        yt = reshape(yt.’,14+nTap-1,nSym).’
        yt = yt(:,[5:14])
        yF = (sqrt(nDSC)/nFFT)*fftshift(fft(yt.’)).’
        yF = yF./hF
        yMod = yF(:,[3+[1:nBitPerSym/2] 4+[nBitPerSym/2+1:nBitPerSym] ])
        ipModHat = 2*floor(real(yMod/2)) + 1
        ipModHat(find(ipModHat>1)) = +1
        ipModHat(find(ipModHat<-1)) = -1
        ipBitHat = (ipModHat+1)/2
        ipBitHat = reshape(ipBitHat.',nBitPerSym*nSym,1).'
        nErr(ii) = size(find(ipBitHat – ip),2)
        end
        simBer = nErr/(nSym*nBitPerSym)

        I hope you can help me for increase the performance of the BER

        Thanks for all
        Regards

  49. DEAR sir…i m pragya and i hav heard about u a lot.
    i m in final yr so i hav 2 mak a projct and my projct is MIMO WID MMSE EQUALISER..
    so if possible plzz guide me as i hav no knowledge regarding dis..
    plzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
    my ID z pragyamitra@gmail.com
    i am waitin 4 ur respnse desperatly…

  50. I am studying about MIMO Tomlinson Harashima Precoding. Do you have any document or program relate to MIMO THP?

  51. thnx for ur response sir..i think em confusing everything 🙁 i have juz strted doen work on it,can u plzz guide me what is da difference between diversity and beamforming???

    1. @maya: Well, I diversity in the general sense means – the using the extra information which is available and/or transmitted to improve the reliability of the communication link. In general, if we have multiple antennas at the receiver, we have to think of intelligent ways to do receive diversity. Similarly, if we have multiple transmit antennas, we have to figure out ways of processing of the data such that the reliability of the link is increased.

      Beamforming is one way of doing transmit diversity, where the knowledge of the channel is used to process the information at the transmitter.

      Hope this helps.

  52. hey sir,can u plzz telme dat how we can find theoretical ber for mimo systems???
    and also can u guide me dat can we send a copy of data from 2 transmitters at da same tym instead of selecting a pair of data n den sending it,,is it a right approach???

    1. @maya: Well, from the simulations which I did a 2 transmit 2 receive MIMO V-BLAST system with Zero Forcing Equalizer in flat fading rayleigh channel, performed about identically with a 1 transmit 1 receive system.

      Well, if we send the same information from two transmit antennas, I believe there is not much performance gain in flat fading rayleigh channel. I have written a brief post on transmit beamforming, which briefly touches upon this topic
      https://dsplog.com/2009/04/13/transmit-beamforming/

      Hope this helps.

  53. im actuallt trying to do channel estimation using mmse for 2 tx 1 rx but having trouble understanding it…please help

    1. @safwan: Well, I do not quite understand the need for having an MMSE equalizer for a 2 transmit 1 receive system. If there is no coding at the transmitter, then 2 transmit 1 receive system performs as if its a 1 transmit 1 receive system. Agree?

      1. well,im actually implementing MIMO-OFDM on the 2 tx and 1 rx…i want to get the most optimum training sequence and then estimate the channel using mmse

          1. Or you could use CAZAC sequences with cyclic shift between MIMO users as it is in LTE uplink.

          2. “…The CAZAC sequence is a sequence that has constant amplitude in both regions of time and frequency and it has always Zero Auto-Correlation for time shift that is other than the cyclic self-correlation value is 0. As the CAZAC sequence has Constant amplitude in a time region, it can keep PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) low. As the CAZAC sequence also has Constant amplitude in a frequency region, it is a sequence suitable for propagation path estimation in the frequency region. Here, a small PAPR means that it can keep the power consumption low. This feature is preferred in the mobile communication. …”

            Pilots for LTE specified in 3GPP 36.211.

          3. Helleo sir
            I am doing project on Bit Error performance of MIMO system. Pls send me comparative BER analysis of MIMO system for different modulation technique such as BPSK QPSK and QAM. This information is very useful for me. Pls send it for me.

            Regards.
            RAVI

  54. Hello,

    how do you actually implement mmse for a 2 tx 1 rx system?having a bit of trouble undestanding it for these settings

  55. Thanks Krishna alots! I have question about your programme. When you compute the inverse of (conj(H)*H) matrix you use:
    hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1);
    hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1);
    hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1);
    hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1);

    whereas the product between two matrices is:

    hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(2,:,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1);
    hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(1,:,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1);
    hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(2,:,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1);
    hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(1,:,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1);
    when I apply these changes I do not find the same results.

    best regards

    1. @Wassim: Note that am computing the cofactor of the matrix (H^H*H). Inverse of a [2 x 2] matrix
      [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]
      The code which you have pasted does not include the matrix rearrangement to compute the cofactor. Agree?

  56. Sir,

    Can you just give me your email address, so that I can mail you my queries. I am working on MIMO OFDM equalization techniques and have a series of questions that I have doubts in. Will you please kindly send your address at cvvarun_raj@yahoo.co.in?

    Thanking You

    Regards
    Varun

  57. Why don’t use the same channel (h) for a Eb_N0? I use the following code, Is it well, not??

    clear
    N = 60000; % number of bits or symbols
    Eb_N0_dB = [0:20]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
    nTx = 2;
    nRx = 2;
    for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

    N0 = 10.^(-Eb_N0_dB./10);
    criterio =’mmse’;
    esquema = ‘psk’;
    M = 2;
    fuente = load(‘simTx_120000_2′);
    fuenteselec = fuente.x;
    fuentedecimal(1,:) = fuenteselec(1,1:60000); % transmito según el estudio de convergencia 60000 símbolos para un error del 1%
    bitsTx = length(fuentedecimal) * log2(M);
    fuentebinario = decimal_bin (fuentedecimal,M);
    fuenteDemux = demux(fuentedecimal,nTx);
    %Modulo los datos a transmitir (cada antena tx 1024 símbolos).
    sMod = modulador(fuenteDemux,esquema,M,1);

    H = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,nTx) + j*randn(nRx,nTx)]; % Rayleigh channel
    n = sqrt(N0(ii)/2)*(randn(nRx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,N/nTx)); % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance

    % Channel and noise Noise addition
    y = H*sMod + n; % Dividimos por 20 porque así nos ahorramos hacer la raiz.

    % Receiver

    % Forming the MMSE equalization matrix W = inv(H^H*H+sigma^2*I)*H^H
    % H^H*H is of dimension [nTx x nTx]. In this case [2 x 2]
    % Inverse of a [2×2] matrix [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]

    G = inv(H’*H + N0(ii)*eye(nTx))*H’;

    yMod = G*y; % H^H * y

    [Y,Es_rx] = demodulador(yMod,esquema,M);
    datosmux = mux(Y);
    Datosbinarios = decimal_bin (datosmux,M);
    if length(fuentebinario) ~= length(Datosbinarios)
    Datosbinarios = Datosbinarios(1,1:length(fuentebinario));
    end
    nErr(ii) = sum(fuentebinario~=Datosbinarios);

    % sMod = reshape(yMod,[1,N]);
    %
    % % receiver – hard decision decoding
    % ipHat = real(sMod)>0;
    %
    % % counting the errors
    % nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);

    end

    simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
    EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
    theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
    p = 1/2 – 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
    theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));

    close all
    figure
    semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,’bp-‘,’LineWidth’,2);
    hold on
    semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,’kd-‘,’LineWidth’,2);
    semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,’mo-‘,’LineWidth’,2);
    axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5])
    grid on
    legend(‘theory (nTx=2,nRx=2, ZF)’, ‘theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)’, ‘sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, MMSE)’);
    xlabel(‘Average Eb/No,dB’);
    ylabel(‘Bit Error Rate’);
    title(‘BER for BPSK modulation with 2×2 MIMO and MMSE equalizer (Rayleigh channel)’);

  58. hello,

    i’m see your script of MIMO equalizer MMSE for 2×2 and my doubt is, why don’t you multiply for 2 the noise? because you consider Es = 1 (ok) but there is 2 antennas. It would want so (10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*2), not?

  59. Dear sir,
    I have utilized the MMSE equalizer defined by equation 1./(h.*conj(h)+ 10^(-Eb_N0_dB/10)).*conj(h) for frequency domain equalization of a single carrier modulation system. Now i have to give the reference of this equation in my research work. So kindly tell me the book or any paper which includes so that i could refer this. Plz also provide a soft copy (pdf, web link) if available.

  60. I am working on developing IQ Imabalance compensation scheme in MIMO-OFDM systems. I have done IQ Compensation in OFDM systems but when I am combining MIMO with OFDM, I am not getting proper BER curve and the results r too bad, I have used rayleigh channel and added AWGN noise to the signal transmitted and assumed that the channel is flat, known and the path gains doesnt change for two OFDM symbol durations.I have used Alamouti STC for 2X2 MIMO channel. Please help me getting a solution and send me some related MATLAB codes

    1. @NAVAL: It’s bit hard to say, why the code which is working for 1×1 OFDM is not working for 2×2 OFDM. I think to nail the problem, you should remove awgn, channel etc and make sure that your algorithm is working in ideal conditions. Btw, it sounds like you are trying to do receive I/Q imbalance estimation/compensation? Why do you need the ‘channel is constant for two symbol duration’ assumption.

  61. sir pls can any one send me the matlab code for space frequency coded bs-cdme for broadband mobile comm(2X2 MIMO)

  62. Hi Mr. Krishna,

    Do you think that the performance would change in a 4QAM scheme? I have simulated and it is slightly worse but it does not make sense to me…

    thanks

      1. Hi,

        I agree that it should be slightly better than 1×1 case. What I meant was the comparison between bpsk case and 4 qam case. for zero forcing and 2×2 mimo system both bpsk and 4qam achieve the same performance, but for the mmse case 4qam is slightly worse than bpsk, i suppose it comes from the fact that 4qam is more affected by the noise. Am I right?

        thanks Mr. Krishna

  63. cher monsieur

    J’essaye de simuler un système SC-FDMA qui est proche du OFDM.
    Donc j’ai transmet mes symboles sur un canal de Rayleigh que j’ai modalisé par la fonction suivante:
    T(i)=sqrt(2).*(xtr(i)*(t(i)-ret(i))).*exp(2*pi*j*(fc+wn(i))*t(i)).*exp(-j*2*pi*fc*d/c);

    Avec T(i) les symboles recus et xtr(i) les symboles émis et ret(i) et le retard de propagation.
    Ensuite j’ai ajouté un bruit gaussien:

    Eb=G*G’;
    RSB=10;
    N0=Eb/(10^(RSB/10));
    b=sqrt(N0/2)*randn(1,length(T));

    je recoit alors

    W=T+b;

    le problème maintenant que lorsque je veux égalisé avec un mmse..c’est que je suis incapable de déduire la fonction de transfert du canal h…aidez moi s’il vous plait!!
    thinks

  64. cher monsieur

    J’essaye de simuler un système SC-FDMA qui est proche du OFDM.
    Donc j’ai transmet mes symboles sur un canal de Rayleigh que j’ai modalisé par la fonction suivante:
    T(i)=sqrt(2).*(xtr(i)*(t(i)-ret(i))).*exp(2*pi*j*(fc+wn(i))*t(i)).*exp(-j*2*pi*fc*d/c);

    Avec T(i) les symboles recus et xtr(i) les symboles émis et ret(i) et le retard de propagation.
    Ensuite j’ai ajouté un bruit gaussien:

    Eb=G*G’;
    RSB=10;
    N0=Eb/(10^(RSB/10));
    b=sqrt(N0/2)*randn(1,length(T));

    je recoit alors

    W=T+b;

    le problème maintenant que lorsque je veux égalisé avec un mmse..c’est que je suis incapable de déduire la fonction de transfert du canal h…aidez moi s’il vous plait!!
    thinks

  65. Em dang can tim file mo phong he thong MIMO-OFDM bang matlab de thay ro tac dung cua phan tap duoc ung dung trong he thong nay.

  66. Perhaps the title could be spesify because there are several MIMO mode (STBC/STC, BLAST-family,SM, STTC).
    If I’m not mistaken, MIMO that your refer in this article is SM Mode (usually using V-Blast).
    So, I think the title sould be “Spatial Mutliplex MIMO…” or “V-BLAST MIMO…”

    thx

    1. @andjas: Yes, the post describes spatial multiplexing (aka V-BLAST). I would prefer keeping the title as I think V-BLAST is the simplest form of MIMO (atleast to explain) when compared to STBC etc.

      1. Ok Mr. Krishna, that’s your right because what you said is true.

        Mr. Krishna, I’ve been making correlated and uncorrelated MIMO channel model based on WiMAX Forum Channel Model Recommendation and ITU Channel Model recommendation. As I know, channel model doesn’t have parameters that can be directly analyst, is our channel model correct or not.

        1. Could you give me some advice/ material about steps/process to make MIMO Channel?
        2. Could you explain how to analyst correctness of my MIMO channel model?
        3. Could you send me example/script of MIMO channel model (correlated/ uncorrelated)? So, I can compare my model with yours.

        Thank you, A.W.

        1. @andjas: My replies:
          1. One great reference is the channel model defined by the High Throughput study group for 802.11n standards development.
          Tgn Channel Models, Vinko Erceg et al. The document provides a good overview of MIMO channel modeling – includng the effect of antenna correlation (based on antenna spacing). effect of fluorescent lights, doppler for different indoor multipath characteristics.

          (2). (3). The Matlab source code for TGN channel models is available in public domain. You may check @
          L. Schumacher “WLAN MIMO Channel Matlab program,” download information: http://www.info.fundp.ac.be/~lsc/Research/IEEE_80211_HTSG_CMSC/distribution_terms.html
          I think, those models should be a good point to start.

          Most of my models are simple flat fading un-correlated rayleigh channel. Hence, might not be of much help to you.

          Hope this helps.

  67. Hi Krishna,

    I wanted to know how the equalization parameter look like if Eqz is done in the frequency domain for MMSE. (the scenario thought of here is for equalizing after DFT in an OFDM chain).

    TIA,
    Best Regards,
    Gavigod

    1. @gavigod: Hmm… even for OFDM, the equalzation parameters will look similiar (as long as the channel is assumed to be flat fading – which is reasonable in OFDM).

      Do you agree?

  68. Hi mr.khrisna can you help me about mmse detector on cdma receiver?? it’s same matlab script with MMSE Equalizer??

    thanks

    1. @jaka: For CDMA, the concept remains the same. However, I would think that to simulate the CDMA MMSE detector case, the Matlab script in this post need to be modified to include:
      (a) spreading and depreading,
      (b) make flat fading rayleigh channel to a frequency selective channel
      (c) remove mimo and make it a single spatial stream.

  69. Hola Krishna,
    gracias por este blog, estoy interesada en procesado de señal para MIMO. Hasta ahora yo me he centrado en banda estrecha utilizando vblast, qostbc… pero quiero entrar en banda ancha y no se que algoritmo utilizar para evitar la ISI. Tienes algún algoritmo implementado en Matlab que me pueda servir de base para yo empezar en banda ancha?

    Muchas gracias.

  70. hi? sir,
    when i simulated MMSE 16QAM 2×2 sysem
    it’s performance almost same as zero-forcing
    is it a right? i used below equation
    inv(H^H*H+10^(-SNR/10)*Im)*H^H*R;
    (Im:identity matrix, H:channel, R:received
    signal inv:inverse)
    is it depend on noise variance?
    please answer me thanks

    1. @dokich: From the analysis done on BPSK modulation, the MMSE equalier should provide slightly better performance that ZF equalizer (for any value of noise variance). So, there might be some bug in your simulation setup.
      Try forcing the noise variance term in the MMSE equalizer to be zero. Then you should get the identical performance to ZF equalizer. Once you obtain that, you may try with different values of noise variance.

      Hope this helps.

      1. thank you for your answer,
        i try to your advice but it still worse than ZF equalizer.
        this is my code

        H = (randn(N,M) +sqrt(-1) * randn(N,M)) / sqrt(2)
        sigma2 = 0.5 / (10^(SNR/10))
        noise = sqrt(sigma2) * (randn(N, 1) + sqrt(-1) * randn(N, 1))
        for(a=1:no_data)

        u=[]; %Tx data
        for s = 1:M
        u=[u;data(s,a)];
        end

        m=M;
        n=N;

        m=2*m;
        n=2*n;

        r=H*u+noise(:,a);

        rmm = [real(r);imag(r)];
        umm = [real(u);imag(u)];
        Hmm = [[real(H),-imag(H)];[imag(H),real(H)]];

        Im=eye(m,m);
        ummHat=inv(Hmm’*Hmm+10^(-SNR/10)*Im)*Hmm’*rmm;
        [row col]=size(ummHat);

        for(j=1:row)
        for(k=1:col)
        if ummHat(j,k)<-2 ummHat(j,k)=-3;
        elseif ummHat(j,k)<0 ummHat(j,k)=-1;
        elseif ummHat(j,k)<2 ummHat(j,k)=1;
        else ummHat(j,k)=3;
        end
        end
        end

        if sum(norm(ummHat-umm)^2)~=0
        error_MMSE=error_MMSE+1;
        end

        end%end of no_data MMSE

        if you have a time please help me to find problem sorry to border you thanks

        1. @dokich: From a quick look, your equalizer equation seems correct. Do not know whether there are hidden bugs.
          Did you want to try with modifying the Matlab code which I have provided in the post.

    1. @John: N0 is the noise variance and its multiplied by an identity matrix I (to ensure that matrix algebra holds good). Since N0 is the noise variance, we define it as 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/10)

      Hope this helps.

  71. hai sir can i get the codings related soft parallel interference cancellation algorithm (SPIC) for MIMO OFDM for the Spatial Multiplexing Interference(SMI)

  72. Hi Kirshna
    Can u please give some stuff on MMSE equalization or can u explain the method u used for equalization.
    yHat_mmse = 1./(h.*conj(h)+ 10^(-Eb_N0_dB/10)).*conj(h).*y; % mmse equalization
    Thanks

  73. this is the case of MIMO with MMSE equalizer.but if we want to use it in the OFDM and “not” in MIMO ofdm, then what would the matlab code be?can you kindly help me on this?

  74. hello krishna
    i want to simulate a MC-CDMA system that in it calculate PAPR and detect diffrent users with BER calculating and can not do this completly. for this i ask you that if have no problem for you help and give me a matlab file about this problem
    thanks a lot for your attention

  75. @Shefo666: And for completeness, I thought of adding ML decoding also into the code snippet. You can see that the error in SISO Rayleigh channel for ZF, MMSE, ML are the same.

    % ml decoding
    ipHat_ml = abs(y – h.*1) < abs(y+h.*1); % counting the errors nErr_ml = size(find([ip- ipHat_ml]),2)

  76. @Shefo666: I think the ZF equalizer is optimal in SISO systems.

    With a simple Matlab/Octave script may I try to show that ZF and MMSE equalizer gives the same BER. Infact, am not sure whether we can call it as ZF/MMSE equalization – as there is no interference terms.

    % Matlab/Octave code snippet for comparing zero forcing and MMSE equalization for SISI
    clear
    N = 10^4 % number of bits or symbols
    ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
    s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1;
    Eb_N0_dB = 3;
    n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
    h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % Rayleigh channel
    % Channel and noise Noise addition
    y = h.*s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB/20)*n;

    % equalization
    yHat_zf = y./h; % zf equalization
    yHat_mmse = 1./(h.*conj(h)+ 10^(-Eb_N0_dB/10)).*conj(h).*y; % mmse equalization

    % receiver – hard decision decoding
    ipHat_zf = real(yHat_zf)>0;
    ipHat_mmse = real(yHat_mmse)>0;

    % counting the errors
    nErr_zf = size(find([ip- ipHat_zf]),2)
    nErr_mmse = size(find([ip- ipHat_mmse]),2)

    Can see that nErr_zf and nErr_mmse is the same. Hope this helps.

  77. Dear Krishna Pillai,

    Thanks for the very interesting blog ..
    I am wondering whether it makes any sense to apply MMSE and ML equalization on SISO communication systems in order to get over the ZF equalization major problem of noise enhancement (when channel is in deep fade).
    In such a case, how is the theoretical BER performance of BPSK (for instance) over flat rayleigh (given by proakis, Digital communications) affected ? can u reccommend any papers that calculate the theoretical BER performance of ML and MMSE equalization over flat fading .. Most papers i got assume ZF equalization when it comes to SISO systems !

  78. @mehrkhan: The presence of a 3-tap channel does not imply that channel varies with time – it just means that channel varies across frequency.

    There can be channel conditions (for eg indoor), where it can be reasonably assumed that the channel remains constant over two symbol periods.

  79. in addition to my first request for investigating the MIMO-OFDM system one question is that how can we maintain the channel coefficients equal for two consecutive symbol(for satisfying the Alamouti decoding scheme) while we are modulating symbols on for example 64 subcarriers of one antenna and the channel has 3-taps?

  80. @nano686: Were you referring to large MIMO system where the channel dimension is large such that the simple matrix inversion approaches becomes impractical?

    Sure, we can discuss. Please email the details.

    1. sir
      do you know how to find channel coefficients using expectation and maximization algorithm for mimo cdma model.if so please explain through matlab

    1. Dear Mr Krishna
      I am working on localization technique in MIMO cellular system and i need you advice which is better to select parameter GA or PSO
      Regards
      Fadil

  81. Thanks Krishna alots! Try to research MIMO, I also have a project with MIMO system: Using Genetic Alogrithms as a tool to handle large numbers of users. I hope we can discuss this project if you don’t mind.
    Regards!

  82. Hi & Thanks for your good posts
    will you combine the concepts that you have investigated so far step by step and show how is the performance of
    MIMO-OFDM systems with alamouti coding and different equalizers such as MMSE in multi-tap Rayligh channel as your conclusion and complex of all of these concepts.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *