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Coherent demodulation of DBPSK

Posted By Krishna Sankar On September 30, 2007 @ 8:17 pm In Modulation | 29 Comments

In a previous post, we discussed about a probable first order digital PLL for tracking constant phase offset [1]. The assumption was that as the phase offset is small and the bits gets decoded correctly, the phase difference between the ideal and actual constellation gives the initial value of phase. However, in typical scenarios it may be possible that the above assumption may not be valid, resulting in phase ambiguity.

To handle such scenario’s it may be pertinent to differentially encode the transmit signal. Quoting from Section 4.5.1 of [DIG-COMM-SKLAR] – “The term differential encoding refers to the procedure of encoding the data differentially; that is, the presence of a binary one or zero is manifested by the symbols similarity or difference compared with the previous signal.”

The encoding method for a differentially encoded binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) can be as follows:

 Bit input, x[n] Phase change, degrees

Table: Differentially encoded BPSK (DBPSK)

In equations, DBPSK can be represented as

$y[n] = y[n-1] \oplus x[n]$ where

$x[n]$ is the input binary sequence and

$\oplus$ is the modulo-2 addition.

The binary sequence $y[n]$ is then BPSK modulated and used for transmission.

Demodulation scheme

The received sequence $r[n]$ is coherently demodulated (as explained for coherent BPSK demodulation [2]). Then the resulting binary sequence and the delayed version of it is modulo-two subtracted for extracting the bit sequence.

Typical transmit-receiver block diagram can be as follows:

[3]

Figure: Transmit receive block diagram for coherent demodulation of DBPSK

The probability of error for a coherently detected, differentially encoded BPSK is given by (from Sec4.7.2 [DIG-COMM-SKLAR])

$P_b =erfc\left({\sqrt{\frac{E_b}{N_0}}} \right )\left [1-\frac{1}{2} erfc\left({\sqrt{\frac{E_b}{N_0}}} \right ) \right]$.

Notice that the bit error probability for coherent demodulation of DBPSK is typically double when compared to the bit error probability for coherent BPSK demodulation [2]. This is because, due to differential encoding each decision error during coherent demodulation will cause two bits to be in error.

However, note that argument is not so straightforward for low SNR regions which I presume the reference [TEL-SYS-ENG-LINDSEY-SIMON] details about.

```% Simple Matlab/Octave code for coherent demodulation of
% differentially encoded binary phase shift keying (DBPSK)
clear
N = 10^6 % number of bits or symbols
rand('state',100); % initializing the rand() function
randn('state',200); % initializing the randn() function
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability

ipD = mod(filter(1,[1 -1],ip),2); % %differential encoding y[n]=y[n-1]+x[n]
s = 2*ipD-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance

Eb_N0_dB = [-3:10]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise

ipDHat_coh = real(y) > 0; % coherent demodulation
ipHat_coh = mod(filter([1 -1],1,ipDHat_coh),2); %differential decoding
nErr_dbpsk_coh(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat_coh]),2); % counting the number of errors
end
simBer_dbpsk_coh = nErr_dbpsk_coh/N;

theoryBer_dbpsk_coh = erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))).*(1 - 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))));

close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_dbpsk_coh,'b.-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer_dbpsk_coh,'mx-');
axis([-2 10 10^-6 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve for coherent demodulation of DBPSK')```

[4]

Figure: Bit error curve for coherent demodulation of DBPSK

Hope this helps.

Reference

URL to article: http://www.dsplog.com/2007/09/30/coherent-demodulation-of-dbpsk/

URLs in this post:

[1] first order digital PLL for tracking constant phase offset: http://www.dsplog.com/2007/06/10/first-order-digital-pll-for-tracking-constant-phase-offset/

[2] coherent BPSK demodulation: http://www.dsplog.com/2007/08/05/bit-error-probability-for-bpsk-modulation/

[3] Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/8649381@N03/1465664006/

[4] Image: http://www.flickr.com/photos/8649381@N03/1465734464/

[5] [DIG-COMM-SKLAR] Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications (2nd Edition), Bernard Sklar: http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?ie=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FDigital-Communications-Fundamentals-Applications-2nd%2Fdp%2F0130847887&tag=dl04-20&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=9325