In a previous post, we discussed about a probable first order digital PLL for tracking constant phase offset. The assumption was that as the phase offset is small and the bits gets decoded correctly, the phase difference between the ideal and actual constellation gives the initial value of phase. However, in typical scenarios it may [...]
Read the full article →
When QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is used, typically one may find a scaling factor associated with the constellation mapping operation. It may be reasonably obvious that this scaling factor is for normalizing the average energy to one.
This post attempts to compute the average energy of the 16-QAM, 64-QAM and M-QAM constellation (where is a [...]
Read the full article →